Download manual do receptor century br 2014

#Download manual do receptor century br 2014 series#

J Endocrinol Invest 36:444вЂ“449Д«artley GB, Fatourechi V, Kadarmas EF, Jacobson SJ, Ilstrup DM, Gorman CA (1996) Clinical features of GravesвЂ™ ophthalmopathy in an incidence cohort. Piantanida E, Tanda ML, Lai A, Sassi L, Bartalena L (2013) Prevalence and natural history of GravesвЂ™ orbitopathy in the XXI century.

#Download manual do receptor century br 2014 series#

Tanda ML, Piantanida E, Liparulo L, Veronesi G, Lai A, Sassi L, Pariani N, Gallo D, Azzolini C, Ferrario M, Bartalena L (2013) Prevalence and natural history of GravesвЂ™ orbitopathy in a large series of patients with newly diagnosed GravesвЂ™ hyperthyroidism seen at a single center. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 26:553вЂ“565 N Engl J Med 360:994вЂ“1001ДЇatourechi V (2012) Thyroid dermopathy and acropachy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 78:768вЂ“776Д«artalena L, Tanda ML (2009) Clinical practice, GravesвЂ™ ophthalmopathy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 9:724вЂ“734ДЇilipsson Nystrom H, Jansson S, Berg G (2013) Incidence rate and clinical features of hyperthyroidism in a long-term iodine sufficient area of Sweden (Gothenburg) 2003вЂ“2005. Future novel therapies shown to be beneficial for GO in randomized studies may be empirically used for dermopathy and acropachy.Д«artalena L (2013) Diagnosis and management of Graves disease: a global overview. It is unknown whether novel treatments for GO might be useful for the other extrathyroidal manifestations.

Novel treatments are presently being investigated for GO, and particular attention is paid to the use of rituximab.

No specific treatment is available for acropachy. Dermopathy is usually managed by local glucocorticoid treatment. Currently, moderate-to-severe and active GO is best treated by systemic glucocorticoids, but response to treatment is not optimal in many instances, and retreatments and use of other modalities (glucocorticoids, orbital radiotherapy, cyclosporine) and, in the end, rehabilitative surgery are often needed. Mild GO usually does not require any treatment except for local measures and preventive actions (especially refraining from smoking). Both GO and dermopathy may be mild to severe. GO and dermopathy have an autoimmune origin and are probably triggered by autoimmunity to the TSH receptor and, likely, the IGF-1 receptor. The very rare acropachy occurs only in patients who also have dermopathy. Dermopathy is usually present if the patient is also affected with GO.

Thus, GO is the main and most common extrathyroidal manifestation. They occur in 25, 1.5, and 0.3В % of GravesвЂ™ patients, respectively. GravesвЂ™ orbitopathy (GO), thyroid dermopathy (also called pretibial myxedema) and acropachy are the extrathyroidal manifestations of GravesвЂ™ disease.